IBN
SINA
(980-1037 AD)
-------------
Abu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina was born in 980 AD
at Afshana near Bukhara. The young Bu Ali received his early
education in Bukhara, and by the age of ten had become well
versed in the study of the Quran and various sciences. He
started studying philosophy by reading various Greek, Muslim
and other books on this subject and learnt logic and some
other subjects from Abu Abdallah Natili, a famous philosopher
of the time.
While
still young, he attained such a degree of expertise in medicine
that his renown spread far and wide. At the age of 17, he
was fortunate in curing Nooh Ibn Mansoor, the King of Bukhara,
of an illness in which all the well-known physicians had given
up hope. On his recovery, the King wished to reward him, but
the young physician only desired permission to use his uniquely
stocked library.
On
his father's death, Bu Ali left Bukhara and travelled to Jurjan
where Khawarizm Shah welcomed him. There, he met his famous
contemporary Abu Raihan al-Biruni. Later he moved to Ray and
then to Hamadan, where he wrote his famous book Al-Qanun fi
al-Tibb. Here he treated Shams al-Daulah, the King of Hamadan,
for severe colic. From Hamadan, he moved to Isphahan, where
he completed many of his monumental writings. Nevertheless,
he continued travelling and the excessive mental exertion
as well as political turmoil spoilt his health. Finally, he
returned to Hamadan where he died in 1037 A.D.
He
was the most famous physician, philosopher, encyclopaedist,
mathematician and astronomer of his time. His major contribution
to medical science was his famous book al-Qanun, known as
the "Canon" in the West. The Qanun fi al-Tibb is
an immense encyclo- paedia of medicine extending over a million
words. It surveyed the entire medical knowledge available
from ancient and Muslim sources. Due to its systematic approach,
"formal perfection as well as its intrinsic value, the
Qanun superseded Razi's Hawi, Ali Ibn Abbas's Maliki, and
even the works of Galen, and remained supreme for six centuries".
In
addition to bringing together the then available knowledge,
the book is rich with the author's original contribution.
His important original contribution includes such advances
as recognition of the contagious nature of phthisis and tuberculosis;
distribution of diseases by water and soil, and interaction
between psychology and health. In addition to describing pharmacological
methods, the book described 760 drugs and became the most
authentic materia medica of the era. He was also the first
to describe meningitis and made rich contributions to anatomy,
gynaecology and child health.
His
philosophical encyclopaedia Kitab al-Shifa was a monumental
work, embodying a vast field of knowledge from philosophy
to science. He classified the entire field as follows: theoretical
knowledge: physics, mathematics and metaphysics; and practical
knowledge: ethics, economics and politics. His philosophy
synthesises Aristotelian tradition, Neoplatonic influences
and Muslim theology.
Ibn
Sina also contributed to mathematics, physics, sound and other
fields. He explained the "casting out of nines"
and its application to the verification of squares and cubes.
He made several astronomical observations, and devised a contrivance
similar to the vernier, to increase the precision of instrumental
readings. In physics, his contribution comprised the study
of different forms of energy, heat, light and mechanical,
and such concepts as force, vacuum and infinity. He made the
important observation that if the perception of light is due
to the emission of some sort of particles by the luminous
source, the speed of light must be finite. He propounded an
interconnection between time and motion, and also made investigations
on specific gravity and used an air thermometer.
In
the field of sound, his contribution was an improvement over
Farabi's work and was far ahead of knowledge prevailing elsewhere
on the subject. Doubling with the fourth and fifth was a 'great'
step towards the harmonic system and doubling with the third
seems to have also been allowed. Ibn Sina observed that in
the series of consonances represented by (n + 1)/n, the ear
is unable to distinguish them when n = 45. In the field of
chemistry, he did not believe in the possibility of chemical
transmutation because, in his opinion, the metals differed
in a fundamental sense. These views were radically opposed
to those prevailing at the time. His treatise on minerals
was one of the "main" sources of geology of the
Christian encyclopaedists of the thirteenth century. Besides
Shifa his well-known treatises in philosophy are al-Najat
and Isharat. |
SOMALIA
TOP ISLAMIC LEADER RETURNS - Somalia's top Islamic political
leader, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, has returned to his Jowhar
stronghold, north of Mogadishu. Two years ago he was ousted
by an Ethiopian invasion. Sheikh Sharif flew in from Nairobi
with a delegation from his Islamic Courts Union (ICU) movement,
a key step in light of his acceptance of a UN-sponsored deal
to bring back stability.
Saudi
Arabian Najdi goats are the new craze for the ultra rich and
famous. For a mere £16,500, or R260 000 one of these beauties
- the newly crowned thoroughbreds of the goating world - can
now be yours. The place to go for a Najdi goat is Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia. Owners of pedigree Najdi goats from around the
Gulf region converged on Riyadh in the past week, hoping to
win the prizes for top male and top female goats.
The
Associated Press reports that Illinois Rep. Rahm Emanuel has
been approached about being Barack Obama's chief of staff.
Emanual is a well known pro-Israeli Jewish congressman. Such
an appointment could be seen to pacify Jewish voters, some
of whom have grown skeptical of Obama despite his repeated
statements that he is committed to Israel's security.
Circumcised
men in South Africa are currently as likely to be HIV-positive
as uncircumcised, according to a study in the latest edition
of the SA Medical Journal. Its publication comes amid growing
calls for governments to promote voluntary circumcision as
a tool in the fight against the disease. The study was conducted
by staffers from the Medical Research Council and the Human
Sciences Research Council. They said the removal of the foreskin
reduced the probability of HIV infection. However just over
40 % of the men in their sample of 3 025 got circumcised only
after their first sexual activity.
A
Government delegation led by President Kgalema has met the
South African National Editors Forum (SANEF) to discuss legislation
affecting the media. The SANEF delegation was led by its Chairperson,
Jovial Rantao. President Motlanthe opened the meeting by affirming
the important role of media. The meeting discussed the Film
and Publications Bill which has been sent to the President
to be signed into law. Government and SANEF agreed that all
efforts should be made to resolve the differences before resorting
to litigation. |
DEPARTMENT
OF WATER RESOURCES
-------------------------------------
So this Department of Water Resources representative Philemon
stops at a Free State farm and talks with an old farmer Piet.
He tells the farmer, "I ectually and infekt need to inspekt
your fam for the water allocation".
The
old farmer says, Okay, but don't go in that field over there.
The
clever & cheeky Philemon says, "Meneer, I have the
full authority of The Government with me. See this card? This
card means I am allowed to go WHEREVER I WISH on any agricultural
land. No questions asked or answered. Have I made myself clear?
Do you understand?
The
old farmer nods politely and goes about his chores. Shortly,
the Old farmer hears loud screams and spies Philemon running
for his life and close behind is the farmer's bull, gaining
with every step.
Philemon
is clearly terrified, so the old farmer immediately throws
down his tools, runs to the fence and yells at the top of
his lungs...
Your
card! Show him your card! |